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規則討論(Law Discussion)
版主仿造外國星球橄欖球網站(Planet Rugby)於賽後對裁判判決的釋義,對規則的層面,探討其正確性.

關於裁判執法的原則:
(1)安全性(safety)
(2)公正性(Fairness)
(3)一致性(consistency)

(1)安全性(safety):規則的訂定是保護球員的安全為首要條件

20.3(h) Scrum崩塌(i) 球員被向上擠壓20.8(i) 揚升或擠出敵方球員
有這些情況裁判要立刻鳴笛,判處罰踢對方揚升或擠壓致外面或Scrum崩塌,否則被揚升或擠出或崩潰的那一方球會嚴重受傷,尤其頸部的安全.然而裁判一直鼓勵違規的一方,造成傷害後果.這種裁判對規則的認知,無法取得球員和教練的尊重.

英國籍裁判Barnes在法國世界杯八強賽,法國對紐西蘭,一記前傳(throw forward),裁判未看到,導致法國達陣逆轉勝.主審被判禁賽最後四場比賽.兩位邊審因未告知,良心自責,從此退休.

裁判賽後對球員說:”如有看不到的地方,請多包涵.”看不到代表體勢能(fitness)出問題,跟不上,一個盤踢由22米內踢到對方陣地內,裁判還在22米外,當然看不見.還有對規則的認知有誤解,當然犯規動作就看不到.

20.3(h) Scrum崩塌：如果scrum崩塌，裁判員必須即刻吹哨，讓球員停止前推。
(h) Scrum collapse. If a scrum collapses, the referee must blow the whistle immediately so that players stop pushing.

(i) 球員被向上擠壓：如果在scrum裡的球員被揚升懸空、或被向上擠出scrum，裁判員必須即刻吹哨，讓球員停止前推。
(i) Player forced upwards. If a player in a scrum is lifted in the air, or is forced upwards out of the scrum, the referee must blow the whistle immediately so that players stop pushing.

20.8(i) 揚升或擠出敵方球員：在球正在被投進或投進後，前排球員都不許揚升敵方球員使他懸空、或把敵方球員向上擠壓出scrum。這是危險比賽。
罰則：罰踢
(i) Lifting or forcing an opponent up. A front row player must not lift an opponent in the air, or force an opponent upwards out of the scrum, either when the ball is being thrown in or afterwards. This is dangerous play.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

10.4(i) 把對方球員從地上抬起後，把他拋下或倒栽到地上時，對方雙腳離地，頭部或上肢首先觸地，這是危險動作。
罰則：罰踢
(i) Lifting a player from the ground and dropping or driving that player into the ground whilst that player’s feet are still off the ground such that the player’s head and/or upper body come into contact with the ground first is dangerous play.
Penalty: Penalty Kick

(2)公正性(Fairness)

當紅隊取得地域性利益,且有戰略性利益,正在發動第二波攻擊時,裁判卻鳴笛回到原先罰踢的地點.剝奪紅隊繼續進攻的利益

反觀黑隊有戰略性利益,又有向前推進20米地域性利益,這時應該是利益規則結束(advantage over),球被紅隊turnover,應該紅隊讓比賽繼續.而裁判鳴笛中斷比賽,判給黑隊回原處罰踢地點.這就是判決不公正.

8.1 實際利益

(a) 裁判員是球隊是否得到利益的唯一判定人。裁判員在做裁決時，有廣泛的自由裁量權。
(b) 利益，可以是地域性的，也可以是戰略性的。
(c) 地域性利益指的是佔領場地。
(d) 戰略性利益指的是未違規隊得到可以隨意操球的自由。
8.1 ADVANTAGE IN PRACTICE
(a) The referee is sole judge of whether or not a team has gained an advantage. The referee has wide discretion when making decisions.
(b) Advantage can be either territorial or tactical.
(c) Territorial advantage means a gain in ground.
(d) Tactical advantage means freedom for the non-offending team to play the ball as they wish.

8.2 當利益未出現時

利益必須清楚、真實。只是有得到利益的機會是不夠充分的。如果未違規隊並未得到利益，裁判員將吹哨並把比賽帶回原違規地點進行。

8.2 WHEN ADVANTAGE DOES NOT ARISE
The advantage must be clear and real. A mere opportunity to gain advantage is not enough. If the non-offending team does not gain an advantage, the referee blows the whistle and brings play back to the place of infringement.


(3)一致性(consistency)

裁判在前一天比賽,告知快攻要等對方退10米,才可開始進攻.當隊員質疑裁判的判決,怎麼第一次罰踢不可快攻,若再判罰踢進10米,就要等對方退到10米線外,才可攻擊.結果裁判惱羞成怒,不承認自己的見解錯誤,判該球員10分鐘短暫離場(sin bin).這種以裁判的權威硬ㄠ態度,橄球的精神蕩然無存.

後一場相同情形第一次罰踢,就可快攻.裁判對前場和後場判決不一致,讓球員不能信服.

(i) 急遽踢球：如果罰踢或自由踢急遽執行踢球，以致踢球方球員還在球前方，他們將不因越位而被處罰。不過，他們必須即刻後退。他們必須不停地後退，直到成為在位為止。他們不許參加比賽，直到成為在位為止。這規定適用在該隊全體隊員，不管他們是在比賽面積內或比賽面積外。

21.4(i) Kick taken quickly. If the penalty or free kick is taken so quickly that players of the kicker’s team are still in front of the ball, they are not penalised for being offside. However, they must retire immediately. They must not stop retiring until they are onside. They must not take part in the game until they are onside. This applies to all players of that team, whether they are inside or outside the playing area.

21.7(c) 急遽踢球：如果罰踢急遽，以致敵隊球員沒有機會後退，他們將不必受罰。不過，他們必須如21.7(b)所述繼續後退、或直到有隊友從標點10公尺後方跑到他們前方，他們才可參與比賽。

(c) Kick taken quickly.If the penalty kick is taken so quickly that  opponents have no opportunity to retire, they will not be penalised for this. However, they must continue to retire as described in 21.7(b) above or until a team-mate who was 10 metres from the mark has run in front of them, before they take part in the game.

(d) 干擾：敵隊球員不許做出任何事去拖延罰踢或阻礙踢球員。他們不許故意取球、拋球或踢球使球遠離踢球員或踢球員的隊友。
罰則：敵隊的任何違犯結果是判給第二次罰踢，標點在第一次罰踢標點前面10公尺。這標點不能在陣線5公尺以內。任何球員都可執踢。踢球員可以改變踢球方式並可選擇射門。如果裁判員判給第二次罰踢，該踢球將等到裁判員做好標點指出懲罰地點後才能執踢。

(d) Interference. The opposing team must not do anything to delay the penalty kick or obstruct the kicker. They must not intentionally take, throw or kick the ball out of reach of the kicker or the kicker’s team mates.
Penalty: Any infringement by the opposing team results in a second penalty kick, 10 metres in front of the mark for the first kick. This mark must not be within 5 metres of the goal line. Any player may take the kick. The kicker may change the type of kick and may choose to kick at goal. If the referee awards a second penalty kick, the second penalty kick is not taken before the referee has made the mark indicating the place of the penalty.

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有紅色錄影機,會有比賽實況規則解釋,讀者一目了然.

中華民國橄欖球協會發行中文規則書,欠缺這項功能.讀者不妨上網探個究竟,而不是讓裁判自由心證,我行我素.

也希望有行家像裁判教練(資深裁判員)對裁判判決,規則釋義,提供給球友參考.
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