俄羅斯PrimaMedia通訊社2018年09月13日發佈消息稱,莫斯科大學專家在俄羅斯境內發現全球首座冰火山。
這次探險是由莫斯科大學地質系組織,專家在亞馬爾半島發現了這種獨特的自然現象。
專家指出,冰火山此前只在冰行星上觀測到過。地質學家對北極火山口進行了研究。探險隊成員表示,火山口距離已發現的氣田很遠。專家在探險過程中已查明冰火山的成因。事實上,火山口因氣體爆炸形成,這些氣體是生活在未凝結永久凍土層的微生物生命活動的產物。
冰火山是一個理論型火山爆發揮發物如水,氨或甲烷,而不是熔化的岩石統稱為冰岩漿或冰火山融化,這些物質通常是液體並能形成羽毛,但也可以在蒸氣形式爆發後,冰岩漿有望凝聚到固體當暴露于非常低的周圍溫度。cryovolcanoes可能形成冰冷的衛星與其他物件具有豐富的水通過太陽系的線(如有雪的冥王星)。多功能已被確定為冥王星可能cryovolcanoes,泰坦和Ceres。此外,雖然他們不知道形成的火山,冰泉已在土衛二和潛在的Triton觀察。
一個潛在的能量源融冰和生產cryovolcanoes一些太陽系天體是潮汐摩擦。也有人建議冷凍材料,半透明的存款可以創建一個地下溫室效應這就需要積累的熱。
對柯伊伯帶過去的變暖跡象誇歐爾有科學家推測,它表現出冰火山在過去。放射性衰變能為這樣的活動所需的能量,當cryovolcanoes可以發出氨水的混合水,這將在180 K(95°熔體−C)和創建一個極冷的液體會從火山口流。
冰火山(拉丁文作 cryovolcano,字面涵義即為cryo-:冰和 volcano:火山),是存在於地外天體上的與火山相似的一種地貌,通常出現在冰凍衛星或是其他一些低溫(表面溫度低於-150 °C)的天體上(如柯依伯帶上的天體)。與火山不同的是,冰火山不會噴發熔岩,它所噴發出的是水、氨、甲烷一類的揮發物。這類噴發物按“冰火山”類推而稱作冰岩漿(cryomagma)。冰岩漿在噴發時通常呈液態而四下流淌,但亦有可能呈氣態彌散為煙霧。噴發後,冰岩漿會因暴露在溫度極低的環境中而凝結成固體。一些科學家估計土星的最大衛星土衛六上的冰火山有條件為可能存在的地外生命提供庇護。
理論
導致地下冰層融化和冰火山形成的能量來自潮汐摩擦。也有學者認為,冰凍沉積物的半透明屬性能夠在表層下造成溫室效應,從而累積足夠的熱量。
據推測在柯依伯帶的小行星50000上也曾經出現過冰火山。就此例而言,熱能可能是由核衰變所產生。
觀測
冰火山最初發現於1989年,由旅行者2號在飛掠海王星衛星海衛一時所觀測到。
位於土衛二南極“虎紋”地帶的冰火山噴發的煙霧。該冰火山的間歇噴發不斷給土星E環補充物質
![相关图片](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/QMeC2hlfDd0/maxresdefault.jpg)
凱西尼號發現了,據推想冰火山是土衛六大氣中甲烷的重要來源。2005年11月27日凱西尼號又拍攝到了土衛二南極的間歇泉。
此後,又在其他一些冰凍衛星(木衛二、木衛三)上發現了冰火山活動的間接證據。
土衛二又稱為“恩賽勒達斯”(Enceladus),是土星的第六大衛星,於1789年為威廉·赫歇爾所發現。在旅行者號於1980年代探測土星之前,人們只知道土衛二是一個被冰覆蓋的衛星。旅行者號顯示土衛二直徑約為500公里(相當於土星最大的衛星土衛六直徑的十分之一),而且其表面幾乎能反射百分之百的陽光。旅行者1號發現土衛二的軌道位於土星E環最稠密的部分,表明兩者之間可能存在某種聯繫;而旅行者2號則發現:儘管該衛星體積不大,但是在其表面既存在古老的撞擊坑構造,又存在較為年輕的、地質活動所造成的扭曲地形構造——其中一些地區的地質年代甚至只有1億年。
二十世紀末發射,並於二十一世紀初抵達土星附近的凱西尼號太空船則提供了大量的資料,解開了旅行者探訪之後留下的諸多疑團。在2005年,凱西尼飛船數次近距離掠過土衛二,獲得了該衛星表面及其環境的大量資料,特別是發現了從該衛星南極地區噴射出的富含水分的羽狀物。該發現,以及可探測到的逃逸內能的存在、南極地區極少存在撞擊坑的情況,共同證明了土衛二至今仍然存在地質活動。在巨行星的衛星系統中,許多衛星都會成為軌道共振的犧牲品,這會導致星體震動和軌道的擾動,而對於更加靠近行星的衛星,潮汐效應則會加熱行星的內部,這或許可以解釋土衛二的地質活動。
2014年,美國國家航空航天局宣佈,凱西尼號發現了土衛二南極地底存在液態水海洋的證據,海洋厚度約為10公里。南極附近的冰火山向太空噴出大量水汽和其他揮發物,夾雜類似氯化鈉晶體、水冰等固態粒子,噴射量約為每秒200公斤。噴出的水有一部分以“雪”的形態落回土衛二表面,一部分融入土星環中,另一部分甚至可到達土星。這些羽狀噴射物也為土星E環物質來源於土衛二的觀點提供了重要的證據。2015年9月16日,美國國家航空航天局確認,根據凱西尼號的探測資料,其表面冰層下面擁有全球性海洋,而且海洋的底部有水熱活動,即存在海底熱泉。
由於接近地表處有水的存在,所以土衛二是尋找地外生物的最佳地點之一。分析指出,土衛二的噴射現象源自地表下的液態水海洋。噴射物的化學成分以及引力場模型表明地下液態水源體是在與岩石接觸的,所以可能是天體生物學中極為重要的研究物件。
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)
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