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Fish Culture

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Culture

Incarnation of Vishnu as a Merman.

In the Book of Jonah a "great fish" swallowed Jonah the Prophet. Legends of half-human, half-fish mermaids have featured in stories like those of Hans Christian Andersen and movies like Splash (See Merman, Mermaid).

Among the deities said to take the form of a fish are Ika-Roa of the Polynesians, Dagon of various ancient Semitic peoples, and Matsya of the Dravidas of India. The astrological symbol Pisces is based on a constellation of the same name, but there is also a second fish constellation in the night sky, Piscis Austrinus.

coat of arms of Comacchio, Italy

Fish have been used figuratively in many different ways, for example the ichthys used by early Christians to identify themselves, through to the fish as a symbol of fertility among Bengalis.[56] Fish have also featured prominently in art and literature, as in movies such as Finding Nemo and books such as The Old Man and the Sea. Large fish, particularly sharks, have frequently been the subject of horror movies and thrillers, most notably the novel Jaws, which spawned a series of films of the same name that in turn inspired similar films or parodies such as Shark Tale, Snakehead Terror, and Piranha.

The golden fish (Sanskrit: Matsya), represents in the semiotic of Ashtamangala,(buddhist symbolism) the state of fearless suspension in samsara, thus perceived as the harmless ocean, referred to as 'buddha-eyes' or ' rigpa-sight] '. The fishes symbolises the auspiciousness of all living beings in a state of fearlessness without danger of drowning in the Samsaric Ocean of Suffering, and migrating from teaching to teaching freely and spontaneously just as fish swim.

Fish riders is a 1920s poster of the Republic of China.

In the following quotation, the two golden fishes are linked with the Ganges and Yamuna, and nadi, prana and carp:

The two fishes originally represented the two main sacred rivers of India - the Ganges and Yamuna. These rivers are associated with the lunar and solar channels which originate in the nostrils and carry the alternating rhythms of breath & prana. They have religious significance in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist traditions but also in Christianity who is first signified by the sign of the fish, and especially referring to feeding the multitude in the desert. In the dhamma of Buddha the fish symbolize happiness as they have complete freedom of movement in the water. They represent fertility and abundance. Often drawn in the form of carp which are regarded in the Orient as sacred on account of their elegant beauty, size and life-span.[3]

Anguilla coat of arms

The name of the Canadian city of Coquitlam, British Columbia is derived from Kwikwetlem, which means "smell like fish" in the Halkomelem language spoken by the area's original inhabitants [57]

Terminology

Fish or fishes

Though often used interchangeably, these words actually mean different things. Fish is used either as singular noun or to describe a group of specimens from a single species. Fishes describes a group containing more than one species.[58] Hence, as plurals, these words could be used thus:

  • My aquarium contains three different fishes: guppies, platies, and swordtails.
  • The North Atlantic stock of Gadus morhua is estimated to contain several million fish.

Shoal or school

These squirrelfish are shoaling, not schooling: though swimming as a group, their speed and direction are not synchronised.
These jacks are schooling because their swimming is synchronised.

A random assemblage of fishes merely using some localised resource such as food or nesting sites is known simply as an aggregation. When fish come together in an interactive, social grouping, then they may be forming either a shoal or a school depending on the degree of organisation. A shoal is a loosely organised group where each fish swims and forages independently but is attracted to other members of the group and adjusts its behaviour, such as swimming speed, so that it remains close to the other members of the group. Schools of fish are much more tightly organised, synchronising their swimming so that all fish move at the same speed and in the same direction. Shoaling and schooling behaviour is believed to provide a variety of advantages.[59]

Examples:

  • Cichlids congregating at lekking sites form an aggregation.
  • Many minnows and characins form shoals.
  • Anchovies, herrings, and silversides are classic examples of schooling fishes.

While school and shoal have different meanings within biology, they are often treated as synonyms by non-specialists, with speakers of British English using "shoal" to describe any grouping of fish, while speakers of American English often using "school" just as loosely.

Further information: swarming

See also

Fish portal

References

  1. ^ Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. p. 2. ISBN 0471250317. 
  2. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 3, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  3. ^ Tree of life web project - Chordates.
  4. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 83-86, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  5. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 103, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  6. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 53-57, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  7. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 33-36, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  8. ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. "Species Summary: Periophthalmus barbarus". FishBase. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
  9. ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. "Species Summary: Phreatobius cisternarum". FishBase. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
  10. ^ Planet Catfish. "Cat-eLog: Heptapteridae: Phreatobius: Phreatobius sp. (1)". Planet Catfish. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
  11. ^ Jr.Cleveland P Hickman, Larry S. Roberts, Allan L. Larson: Integrated Principles of Zoology, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, 2001, ISBN 0–07–290961–7
  12. ^ Nelson, J. S.: Fishes of the World, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p 4-5, 2006 ISBN 0471250317
  13. ^ Nelson, J. S.: Fishes of the World, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p 3, 2006 ISBN 0471250317
  14. ^ a b "Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes" (PDF). Copeia (3): 663–675. 1998. http://www.auburn.edu/academic/science_math/res_area/loricariid/fish_key/Air.pdf. 
  15. ^ Setaro, John F. (1999), Circulatory System, Microsoft Encarta 99 
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 48-49, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  17. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 191, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  18. ^ Orr, James (1999), Fish, Microsoft Encarta 99 
  19. ^ Albert, J.S., and W.G.R. Crampton. 2005. Electroreception and electrogenesis. Pp. 431-472 in The Physiology of Fishes, 3rd Edition. D.H. Evans and J.B. Claiborne (eds.). CRC Press.
  20. ^ "Fish do feel pain, scientists say".
  21. ^ Rose, J.D. 2003. A Critique of the paper: "Do fish have nociceptors: Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system"^ James D. Rose, Do Fish Feel Pain?, 2002. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  22. ^ a b c d e Guimaraes-Cruz, Rodrigo J.; Santos, José E. dos; Santos, Gilmar B. (July/Sept. 2005). "Gonadal structure and gametogenesis of Loricaria lentiginosa Isbrücker (Pisces, Teleostei, Siluriformes)". Rev. Bras. Zool. 22 (3): 556–564. ISSN 0101-8175. 
  23. ^ Brito, M.F.G.; Bazzoli, N. (2003). "Reproduction of the surubim catfish (Pisces, Pimelodidae) in the São Francisco River, Pirapora Region, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 55 (5). doi:10.1590/S0102-09352003000500018. ISSN: 0102-0935. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-09352003000500018. 
  24. ^ Peter Scott: Livebearing Fishes, p. 13. Tetra Press 1997. ISBN 1-5646-5193-2
  25. ^ a b Meisner, A & Burns, J: Viviparity in the Halfbeak Genera Dermogenys and Nomorhamphus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae). Journal of Morphology 234, pp 295-317, 1997
  26. ^ A.G. Zapata, A. Chiba and A. Vara. Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. In: The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen and Environment. Fish Immunology Series. (eds. G. Iwama and T.Nakanishi,), New York, Academic Press, 1996, pages 1-55.
  27. ^ D.P. Anderson. Fish Immunology. (S.F. Snieszko and H.R. Axelrod, eds), Hong Kong: TFH Publications, Inc. Ltd., 1977.
  28. ^ S. Chilmonczyk. The thymus in fish: development and possible function in the immune response. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, Volume 2, 1992, pages 181-200.
  29. ^ J.D. Hansen and A.G. Zapata. Lymphocyte development in fish and amphibians. Immunological Reviews, Volume 166, 1998, pages 199-220.
  30. ^ Kucher et al.,. Development of the zebrafish lymphatic system requires VegFc signalling. Current Biology, Volume 16, 2006, pages 1244-1248.
  31. ^ Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever, smh.com.au
  32. ^ Classification of the Chordates Evolution, ecology and biodiversity 05-1116-3, University of Winnipeg. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  33. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 95-96, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  34. ^ R. C. Cipriano (2001), Furunculosis And Other Diseases Caused By Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish Disease Leaflet 66. U.S. Department of the Interior.[1]
  35. ^ K H Hartman et al (2004), Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Disease. Fact Sheet VM-149. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.[2]
  36. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 380, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  37. ^ Richard L. Wyman and Jack A. Ward (1972). A Cleaning Symbiosis between the Cichlid Fishes Etroplus maculatus and Etroplus suratensis. I. Description and Possible Evolution. Copeia, Vol. 1972, No. 4, pp. 834-838.
  38. ^ "Table 1: Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2004)". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  39. ^ "Gadus morhua". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  40. ^ "Cyprinodon diabolis". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  41. ^ "Latimeria chalumnae". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  42. ^ "Carcharodon carcharias". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  43. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 449-450, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  44. ^ "Call to halt cod 'over-fishing'". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  45. ^ "Tuna groups tackle overfishing". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  46. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 462, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  47. ^ "UK 'must shield fishing industry'". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  48. ^ "EU fish quota deal hammered out". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  49. ^ "Ocean study predicts the collapse of all seafood fisheries by 2050". Retrieved on 2006-01-13.
  50. ^ "Atlantic bluefin tuna could soon be commercially extinct". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  51. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 463, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  52. ^ "Threatened and Endangered Species: Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus Fact Sheet". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  53. ^ "The little fish fight back". Retrieved on 2006-01-18.
  54. ^ "Stop That Fish!". Retrieved on 2007-08-26.
  55. ^ Jaffrey, M.: A Taste of India, Atheneum, p 148, 1988, ISBN 0-689-70726-6
  56. ^ Greater Vancouver Regional District, A Profile of Aboriginal People, First Nations and Indian Reserves in Greater Vancouver, June 2003.
  57. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 3, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
  58. ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 375, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7

External links

Sister projectLook up fish in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Sister projectWikimedia Commons has media related to: Actinopterygii
Sister projectWikimedia Commons has media related to: Freshwater aquarium fishes
Sister projectWikimedia Commons has media related to: Marine aquarium fishes
Sister projectWikimedia Commons has media related to: Fishes

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"


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