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【Post-Positivist Perspectives on Theory Developme

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　　本章節是由社會科學哲學的發展來研究理論的發展，由St. Simeon所創造的實證主義開始，討論古典實證主義：知識被建立在經驗上或對現象的觀察以及透過正式的邏輯具體表達在科學規範之中。和邏輯實證主義：一份意義豐富的報告被提出只能依據解析或經驗的證明。而後實證主義被批判，漸漸的產生了後實證主義，後實證主義的拉卡托斯推翻了實證主義，當然，他是保存了實證主義的唯實論、客觀性和自由價值，但是他抵制完全真實的概念、抵制無懈可擊的觀察基礎、抵制永遠穩固的假定和不斷累積的知識。此後，社會建構本體論者和後實證主義者有一致的立場，都強調社會建構過程的自然模型，和在社會行動者身上具體化的社會建構中規律而可靠的效果，後實證主義本體論以嚴格的真實態度去暗示不可變的社會世界，是不需要的。慢慢的後實證主義後，產生了科學革命，孔恩認為長期的常態科學會產生危機，及會產生短暫的非常態科學，最後會再出現新的常態科學。所以理論的發展過程會使用科學的方法，而傳播理論再後實證主義中，也慢慢的被衍生而出了。

　　其實一般人的看法認為科學一定是不滅的真理，像是牛頓的萬有引力或是畢達哥拉斯定理等，然而，在實證主義的原理認為所有事情都是可以被否證的，也就是說所有的事情都是要可以被反面驗證的，這樣說起來真的很奇怪，老實說我從來也沒有想過這個問題，在一開始看到這個實證論時，真的不懂他到底為何要推翻一般人的觀念，而後來在讀完整篇文章後，才發現科學家是很聰明的，她們用一種邏輯思考的方式來驗證科學到底是什麼，而傳播學也是包含在社會科學中的，運用這種後實證主義的思潮，唯有理論才可以驗證理論，不能使用單一實驗決定科學的定義，還有後實證主義加入了些許的人文思想，並和社會建構相結合，真的使我對事情的思考方式有所不同了，也能用較具有學家的眼光來看待傳播理論。

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