標題:
核能的兩個問題
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發問:
一,什麼東西要用核能作能源? 二,核能有幾危險?
最佳解答:
Advantage The nuclear energy generates electricity to be unlike the pollution material that the fossil fuel generates electricity to exhaust the huge quantity so in the atmosphere, so nuclear energy's generating electricity will not cause the air pollution. The nuclear energy generates electricity the carbon dioxide that will not produce to aggravate the Earth green house effect. The uranium fuel of the nuclear energy power station usage, in addition to generating electricity, have no other uses. Checking the fuel energy density compares with the fossil fuel high top several 1000,00000%, past nuclear power station the fuel physical volume used is small, transporting are all very convenient with stores, an uranium fuel that a year of nuclear power station of 1,000,000,000 tiles only needs 30 metric tons, a the airplane of the sequence of flights can complete the carrying. In the cost that the nuclear energy generates electricity, the fuel expenses the comparison had is lower, the nuclear energy generates electricity of the cost compares to not easily be subjected to the international economic situation influence, so generate electricity the cost other generate electricity the method for stable. Weakness The nuclear power station will produce the high and low rank radio waste, or is the pit fuel that used, although the physical volume had not big, because of have the emanation line, past have to careful processing, and need to face the rather big political harassment. The hot efficiency of the nuclear energy power plant is lower, as a result compare the general fossil fuel power station exhausts more discard the heat to environment in, past the hot pollution of the nuclear power station compares the severity. The nuclear power station investment cost is too big, the financial risk of the power company is higher. The nuclear power station is more unwell proper do the peak and leave the 峰 it with transport to turn. Building the nuclear power station compares to easily cause the political differences conflict. There is a great deal of radio material in the reactor of the nuclear power station, if release the outside environment in the accident, will cause the injury to the ecosystem and the people. 核能發電是利用鈾-235分裂反應所產生的能量,將水加熱使其變成蒸汽,再推動汽輪機與發電機來發電,而核分裂產生的能量則來自分裂後損失的質量。看似很簡單的兩句話,但是真想利用這種原理來發電還須透過很精緻而複雜的工程技術;而在不同地區不同國家的工程師各自努力下,核能發電雖源自相同的物理現象,卻有不同的工程設計。目前世界上數量最多的是壓水式核電廠,其次是沸水式核電廠,而我國核一、二廠採用後者,核三廠則採用前者之設計,因此特別針對這兩類電廠再詳加說明其構造。 ?核分裂如何持續發生 上圖為沸水式核反應器的示意圖,圖中與控制棒相間較粗的紅棒為燃料棒,核分裂的主角—鈾-235—即裝在其中,燃料棒必須一直泡在水中,而水除了吸收核分裂反應產生的能量外,還兼做中子的「緩和劑」;要瞭解這個名詞須先回顧一下核分裂反應過程,該圖左邊使鈾-235發生分裂的中子必須是低能量的中子(在核能界稱其為慢中子或熱中子),而圖右邊新生中子的能量約為慢中子的四千萬倍,因此被稱為「快中子」;若想使快中子引發下一個鈾-235原子核之分裂,則必須使其能量降低,而水中的氫原子質量與中子相近,故快中子與氫原子碰撞多次後能量會傳給氫原子而變成慢中子。因此水因有緩和快中子能量的作用而被稱為緩和劑,而也因有此種現象才能使核分裂反應得以持續發生。 ?中子如何減低能量 如果對快中子碰撞氫原子後能量降低的道理還不太明瞭,則請參考撞球碰撞情形,圖中母球由左而右正面碰撞原為靜止的子球,碰撞後母球會將所有能量傳給子球而停在子球原來的位置,子球則因吸收了母球賦予的能量而向右滾去;如果玩過或看過撞球比賽,對此種情形一定很熟悉,而其道理是因母子兩球質量相同,故母球原來的能量可以完全傳給子球。前述中子碰撞氫原子的現象,也因氫原子核是由一個質子所構成,而質子與中子質量非常相近,故高速的快中子碰到靜止的氫原子時會把能量傳給後者,不過在核反應器中兩者不見得每次都能正面碰撞,故一般須有多次碰撞才能使快中子變成慢中子。 ?燃料構造 瞭解了「緩和劑」的道理後,讓我們再看看燃料棒的構造。天然鈾中鈾-235的含量只有0.7%,而沸水式核能電廠所用的鈾燃料必須經過濃縮處理使鈾-235含量提高為2%至5%,此舉是為了增加核分裂反應的機會,若要做原子彈則其濃度必須提高至99%以上。此外核能電廠所用的燃料為了承受運轉時攝氏一千度以上的高溫,特別將鈾做成二氧化鈾的粉末,再燒結成直徑與高度均為1.6公分左右的柱狀「燃料丸」,然後再將燃料丸放入長約3.86公尺,厚約0.8公分的鋯合金管內,做成「燃料棒」。 ====================================== 壓水式核反應器流程如圖所示,其分裂反應原理,燃料棒設計,緩和劑功能,壓力槽與圍阻體之作用等都與沸水式核反應器類似;兩者間最大的差別是壓水式反應器在水加熱成蒸汽的過程中採用了兩套迴路,在壓水式反應器中的「主迴路」裏冷水經過爐心加熱後只增加溫度但不變成蒸汽,熱水送至「蒸汽產生器」中把熱量傳給「次迴路」的水後變成冷水再送回爐心;而次迴路的水則會被加熱成蒸汽去推動汽輪機,用過的蒸汽再經海水冷卻後重複使用,這種設計可以確保汽輪機使用的蒸汽絕無核分裂反應所產生的放射性物質,但因系統較為複雜,故運轉與維護也較沸水式反應器費事。此外,壓水式反應器的控制棒設在壓力槽上端,由上向下抽插,比起沸水式反應器由下往上的設計在運作與保養上較為方便。 hope to help you^^
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