A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.
A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund.
An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence.
An Infinitive Phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the actor(s), direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the infinitive.
Ⅰ. 不定詞與動名詞都具有名詞性質，可以作為句子的主詞、補語或受詞。
A. 主詞
1. Reading is a pleasure.
2. Chatting with them improves my mind.
3. Taking pictures is very interesting.
4. Collecting stamps is a good hobby.
5. To swim in hot summer is a pleasure.
6. To see a black cat in English is lucky.
7. To enter an ideal university is my greatest desire at the moment.
8. To be polite to others doesn't cost you any money.
B. 主詞補語
1. Mary's hobby is listening to classical music.
2. The first step of making a phone call is dialing the number.
3. The duty of a soldier is to defend his country.
4. It takes constant practice to master English.
C. 受詞
1. My mother enjoys singing.
2. Everyone should avoid making mistakes.
3. She has finished writing her letter.
4. Tom resents being treated as a child.
5. I have been very busy preparing for the exam.
6. This article is worth reading carefully.
7. We can't afford to buy a new house.
8. Why did he refuse to help us?
9. He wishes to go home.
10. How soon do you expect to leave for Taiwan?
11. Bob promised to return the book very soon.
12. On the bus I always manage to glace at the headline in the newspapers.
D. 受詞補語
1. She told us not to go.
2. They warned us not to make any noise.
3. We are taught to forgive our enemy.
4. My father expects me to come home early.
5. A flag is used to symbolize the nation.
6. Cindy is determined to devote her life to education.
7. Children are supposed to obey their parents.
8. She was obliged to go back to work to help meet the family expenses.
9. The equipment is used to regulate the speed of machine.
10. We try to persuade him not to go swimming, but in vain.
Ⅱ. 有些動詞後面必須用動名詞作為受詞
1. 承認______________ 2. 否認______________
3. 避免______________ 4. 錯過______________
5. 延遲______________ 6. 建議______________
7. 喜歡______________ 8. 延期______________
9. 憎惡______________ 10. 冒險______________
11. 抗拒______________ 12. 介意______________
13. 練習______________ 14. 禁不住______________
15. 值得______________ 16. 忙於______________
17. 藉口______________ 18. 想像______________
Ⅲ. 有些動詞後面必須用不定詞作為受詞
________動詞：Hope, Wish, Expect, Long
________動詞：Agree, Promise, Refuse, Reject
________動詞：Plan, Manage, Want, Pretend, Intend, Seem, Decide
其他類之動詞：Afford, Fail
Ⅳ. 少數動詞可用不定詞或者動名詞作為受詞
Like, Love, Hate, Start, Begin, Cease, Prefer... ...
Ⅴ. 有些動詞雖然可用不定詞或者動名詞作為受詞，但意義或用法不同
Remember to V: ____________________
Remember Ving: ____________________
Regret to V: ____________________
Regret Ving: ____________________
Mean to V: ____________________
Mean Ving: ____________________
Forget to V: ____________________
Forget Ving: ____________________
Try to V: ____________________
Try Ving: ____________________
Stop to V: ____________________
Stop Ving: ____________________
S + want/ need/ require + to V: ____________________
S + want/ need/ require + Ving: ____________________
Ⅵ. 介係詞 To
1. I am used to getting up early.
2. He is opposed to inviting Betty to his birthday party.
3. I look forward to seeing you.
4. Whatever Mary does, she does it with an eye to making more money.
5. He gives himself to boasting.
6. He devoted himself to looking after his wife.
7. In addition to having very important functions in transportation, this bridge is a unique bridge.
8. My grandfather is very weak and not equal to making a long journey.
9. She came close to being drowned.
10. Next to reading novels, I like jogging best.
11. What do you say to going to the movies?
12. Cecilia took to writing after she retired from the college.
VII. 不定詞作形容詞或副詞
1. Have you any vegetables to sell?
2. She has no friends to help her.
3. Has she no house to live in?
4. The girl has no classmates to play with.
5. Her wish to become an actress has come true.
6. She has raised her ability to listen, speak, read and write.
7. I shall go to America to learn biology next month.
8. Those days have gone never to turn.
9. I am sorry to strike you.
10. I am glad to inform you that you have passed the examination.
11. My sister is too young to marry.
12. John’s income is too small to support his family.
13. The boy is old enough to go to school.
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