1. A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb. A phrase is a group of related words that does NOT contain a subject and a verb.
2. An adjective phrase is a reduction of an adjective clause. It modifies a noun. It does NOT contain a subject and verb.
3. Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun- who, which, or that- are reduced to modifying adjective phrases.
CLAUSE: The boy (whom) I saw was Ben.
PHRASE: (none)
4. There are two ways in which an adjective clause is changed to an adjective phrase:
A. If the adjective clause contains the be form of a verb, omit the pronoun and the be form.
B. If there is NO be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its –ing form.
Examples:
1. The woman who is talking to Mary is from HK. ----> The woman talking to Mary is from HK.
2. The ideas which are presented in that book are good. ----> The ideas presented in that book are good.
3. Annie is the woman who is responsible for the error. ----> Annie is the woman responsible for the error.
4. The books that are on that shelf are mine. ----> The books on that shelf are mine.
5. The girl who is sitting next to me is Maria. ----> The girl sitting next to me is Maria.
6. English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. ----> English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
7. Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome. ----> Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
5. If the adjective clause requires commas, the adjective phrase also requires commas: George Washington, who was the first president of the United States, was a wealthy colonist and a general in the army. ----> George Washington, the first president of the United States, was a wealthy colonist and a general in the army.
Ⅰ. 現在分詞片語
1. A thundershower lasting for three hours yesterday temporarily relived a ten-month long drought in this area.
2. Who is the foreigner wearing a hat?
3. During Christmas time, we often send cards to our relatives and friends living far away.
Ⅱ. 過去分詞片語
1. Experiments conducted by Dr. Lin showed that daydreaming helps intellectual growth.
2. The rules set up by the family were the only rules one had to obey.
3. A plan made in haste seldom works.
4. He bought his daughter a toy dog powered by dry batteries.
Ⅲ. 不定詞片語
1. The best way to communicate with a foreigner is to make him laugh.
2. She would be the last one to betray you.
3. Am I the first one to kiss you?
4. The best way to learn English well is constant practice.
Ⅳ. 介詞片語
1. Mexico, the largest nation in the region, provides a good example of life in Middle America.
2. One reason for this seems to be that in many cultures today people are leaving farms and villages to find jobs in the city.
3. She knows everyone in our neighborhood.
4. Most students in our class are very interested in Geography.
1. 每天早晨有一位穿綠色制服的人，把信件送到我們社區來。
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2. 麥可在他女朋友的眼中是英雄。
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3. 回應某些批評最好的方法是保持緘默。
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4. 在等公車的那個人是位剛從巴黎回國的傑出音樂家。
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5. 這本字典對你非常有用。
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