原文來自：http://www.imba.com/resources/trail-building/10-most-common-trailbuilding-mistakes
10 Most Common Trailbuilding Mistakes
建造路徑時最容易犯的10項錯誤
For as long as humans have been following trails, we've been making mistakes on trails. Still, our missteps - whether they left us in the digestive tracts of saber-toothed beasts or wandering the intestinal roadways of trail-encroaching suburbs - usually only affect ourselves. When trailbuilders make mistakes, however, they affect everybody. Trail users, land managers, vegetation and wildlife all feel the sting of the well-meaning but inexperienced trailbuilder. In our travels, we often see the same mistakes again and again, but the good news is they can all be avoided. In an effort to bury them alongside dinosaurs in the evolutionary graveyard, we bring you the top 10:
自從人們開始建造路徑之後，錯誤就一直不斷的被製造出來。當我們在騎乘過程中犯了錯，只是傷害到自己罷了。但如果建造路徑的人犯了錯，則將會影響到所有的人。路徑的使用者、土地管理人、植被和野生動物們都將感受到缺乏經驗的建造者、用心良苦製造出來的刺痛。我們旅行世界各地，不斷重複地看到這些錯誤發生，不過，好消息是這些錯誤是可以避免的。為了把這些錯誤跟恐龍一起送進演化的墓地裡埋葬，我們要告訴你最常發生的十項錯誤：
- Not Getting Land Manager Approval
We know, we know: you just want to build trails. But believe us when we tell you that nothing - not a single darned thing - more important before starting trailwork than the approval of the land owner or manager. In our experience, a failure to secure permission is the single biggest cause of trail closures. When it comes to building trails, to ask for forgiveness is not better than to ask for permission.
【未得到土地管理人的允許】
我們都瞭啦，知道你只是想要挖條路罷了。但是相信我們所說的，沒有什麼事情比「在建造路徑之前取得土地管理人的同意」更重要。在我們的經驗中，一條路徑會被關閉最大的問題都在於沒有取得同意。當你要建造路徑時，事後的乞求原諒並不會比事前請求允許來得好。
- Falling for the Fall Line
Put simply, fall line trails are erosion nightmares. They turbo-charge natural and user-created erosion, exposing rocks and roots and generally living short lives before becoming loose, wide, ecosystem-damaging disasters. To build trails that last, use the Half Rule: trail grade, or steepness, shouldn't exceed half the grade, or steepness, of the hillside; and the 10 Percent Rule: overall trail grade should be 10 percent or less.
【直直給它切下山】
簡單來說，直線下切的路徑是破壞水土保持的惡夢。它們加速自然力量和路徑使用者對水土的破壞，造成土壤流失、岩石與樹根的裸露，通常在造成自然環境的災難之前，路徑就已經撐不下去而壽終正寢。 採用「Half Rule，半法則」 讓路徑能夠長久存活：路徑的傾斜角度、陡降角度，必須維持在整體山坡傾斜角度、陡降角度的一半以內。以及「10%法則」：整個路徑的坡度應該保持在10%以下。
- Guessing the Grade
Nobody, no matter how masterful their eye, can guess trail grades right every time. Trust us, we know. Sure, it's fun to try, but use a clinometer to confirm the grade whenever you're laying out trail - it's worth a regiment of self-powered, Fantasia-style Pulaskis, because no amount of trailwork can fix a trail built on an unsustainable grade. If you don't have a clinometer, we highly recommend an investment in this indispensable tool.
【靠目測來預估坡的斜度】
不管是多厲害的眼睛，都沒有辦法每次都準確地目測出路徑的斜度。相信我們，我們很清楚地知道。嘗試猜測當然是件有趣的事，但是在建造過程中正確使用「斜度量測儀」，絕對贏過「找一整團人用圓鍬十字鎬來修整路徑」的工時，因為投入再多的工時也挽救不了一個不當的斜度。如果你沒有「斜度量測儀」，我們強烈建議投資這項必要的器材。
- Going Against the Flow
Not even race courses - which are sometimes designed with erratic flow to throw off a racer's rhythm - should make this trailbuilding faux pas. All trailbuilders should make "smooth transitions" their mantra. Bad flow, especially fast sections leading into sharp turns, is a primary cause of user conflict. When you are building, think flow - it's the key to an enjoyable trail.
【跟流暢作對】
即使是比賽用的賽道--通常被建造成古怪的亂流來破壞參賽者的律動--也不應該犯下這種失禮的錯誤。所有的路徑建造者都應該把「順暢地轉換」奉為圭臬。不良的流暢度，特別是高速路段後緊接著尖銳的死彎，是造成使用者出狀況的主要原因。當你在建造路徑的時候，必需要將「流暢」放在腦子裡，這是讓路徑有趣的關鍵。
- Half Bench is Half Baked
The only time you should ever skimp on a fully bench cut trail is (1) when the sideslope is so steep - 80 percent or greater - that the backslope exceeds six feet in height, or (2) when your trail design forces you to build close to the downhill side of a large tree. In both cases, a proper crib wall should be built to support your partial bench, and, as in all trails, the tread should maintain a five to seven percent outslope.
【開路只開一半寬】
唯一讓你放棄把路面寬度做到完整的情況只能有兩個： (1)當山坡的斜度度超過80%，以致於把全寬的路面挖出來之後，導致旁邊的邊坡超過六英尺高，或者 (2)因為路線規劃經過一顆大樹，恰好另一側邊坡落差(甚至是懸崖)到大樹之間的路面空間有限。在這兩種狀況時，邊坡上應該加上擋土牆來保護，並且路面要保持5~7%的外傾斜度以利排水。
- The West Virginia Climbing Turn
Our friends in West Virginia affectionately gave this name to some of their steep, fall line turns, and while they've gotten away with it in a few locations because of the soil and user types, most fall line turns will erode badly. If you want your climbing turns to endure, build them on sideslopes with no steeper than a seven to 10 percent grade.
【西維吉尼亞彎道】(譯註：美國西維吉尼亞州以地形陡峭及廢礦山著稱)
我們在西維及尼亞州的朋友們以這樣戲稱他們那裡一些陡峭、直接下切的彎道，這一類的彎道因為土質和使用者騎乘形態的關係，很快就壽終正寢了。如果你希望自己所開闢的路徑能夠活得久一點，請採用環繞著山坡的方式建造，並且維持10%以內的斜度。
(譯者補充：西維吉尼亞州廢礦山照片 http://westvirginiahills.com/mtr.html)
- Building Houses of Straw
Remember the little piggy who built his house with straw? He got chowed by a wolf. Using shoddy materials when building trail structures leaves you and others similarly vulnerable by reducing the structure's safety and longevity. This opens the door to things like pain, guilt and even lawyers. Build it right. Keep the wolves at bay.
【用稻草蓋房子】
還記得童話故事裡那隻用稻草蓋房子的小豬嗎？牠後來讓狼給吞了。用劣等的材料來建造路徑的結構，將造成結構的安全性和使用壽命的問題，帶給你和其他人與小豬相同的困境。這將為疼痛、過失、甚至律師們敞開大門。把事情做對，把大野狼擋在外面吧。
- Finishing a Line Before Its Time
We heartily support on-the-trail training, but some new trailbuilders are so eager to keep building more! new! better! trails that they don't devote enough time or care to each new trail section. Resist the temptation to move forward. Don't finish a line before its time, and always patch past mistakes.
【在路徑還沒壽終正寢之前就提早把它結束】
我們一直以「邊建造、邊訓練」的方式給予路線建造者熱心的支持，不過有些新手建造者急於開闢更多、更新、更好的路徑，以致於無法將時間充分投入在維護每一條新路徑上。你必須抵擋住不斷擴張前進的誘惑。不要在一條路徑的生命還沒走到盡頭之前就提早結束它，而且必須不斷地修正這條路徑上曾經發生的錯誤。
- Building a Pathway to Grandma's House
This is what we call some trailbuilders' obsession with lining trail with logs. A properly constructed trail shouldn't need them. In fact, lining a trail with logs can trap water and increase erosion.
【開一條到阿嬤家的路】
有些建造者著迷於在路徑上安放許多圓木，我們戲稱這是一條通往阿嬤家的路。路徑如果被建造得很恰當，不應該出現這些東西的。事實上，安放圓木的路徑將會擋住雨水，增加土壤流失的機會。
- Ignoring Old Wounds
As mountain bikers we may think our scars are cool, but scars on the land left by closed trails are damaging wounds that need to heal. Always reclaim eroded areas with check dams - natural obstacles like logs or rocks that divert the flow of water and soil - and reclaim all closed trails with transplanted native vegetation that conceals the old corridor. Shine the spotlight on the great trails you've built, not the ugly scars that have been left behind.
【忽視舊傷痕】
身為一個登山車手，我們也許認為身上的疤痕是蠻酷的，但是在已經關閉的路徑上，留給大地的傷痕應該被彌補。被侵蝕破壞過的地區必須加上擋牆--天然障礙物如圓木、石塊等等--來改變土石和水的流向，幫助大地休養回復，並且在所有已經關閉的路徑上，移植現地的植被蓋住路面。給你建造過的路徑一盞美麗的謝幕燈，而不是在大地留下醜陋的疤痕。
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