BY PAUL MOAKLEY | PHOTOGRAPHS BY JACKIE DIVES
OCTOBER 25, 2021 7:00 AM EDT
On a morning Zoom call, a group of Canadian mothers give their full attention to a young man from the Drug User Liberation Front. At 26, Jeremy Kalicum is the age some of their kids would be if they had not died of accidental overdoses.
在一通上午的視訊電話上，一群加拿大的母親全神貫注於，一名來自吸毒者解放陣線的年輕人。Jeremy Kalicum 26歲，是這群母親有些孩子，倘若沒有因意外藥物過量死亡，會是的年齡。
圖1. Jeremy Kalicum，吸毒者解放陣線的共同發起人。
Kalicum’s tone is urgent as he walks the moms through a PowerPoint presentation explaining why the Liberation Front, known as DULF, wants to protest on International Overdose Awareness Day and hand out illicit drugs.
當Kalicum帶領此些媽媽完成，解釋該被通稱為DULF的解放陣線，為何想在國際藥物過量自覺日，抗議並散發非法藥物之原因的PowerPoint簡報時，語氣是急迫的。
These wouldn’t be the kind that killed their sons and daughters, he assures them; they’d be “safe supply” drugs that have been tested to ensure they’re not laced with lethal fentanyl.
這些不會是殺死她們兒子及女兒的那種藥物，他向她們保證，它們會是已經經過檢驗，以確保它們不被添加致命之吩坦尼(一種強效的類鴉片止痛劑)的“安全供應”藥物。
“Anyone who wants to find drugs can find drugs,” says Kalicum, reasoning that the best way to save lives is to make sure users are given the safest possible drugs. “The drugs that they’re finding are of unknown quality and unknown potency.”
下結論，挽救生命的最佳方法，是確保為服用者提供最安全毒品的Kalicum宣稱：「任何想找藥物的人皆能找到藥物。不過，他們找到的很可能是品質及效力不明的藥物。」
Then, after 15 minutes of slides and stats, Kalicum and DULF co founder Eris Nyx makes their pitch: they want these mothers, from a group called Moms Stop the Harm, to join them and other activists in their distribution mission, an admittedly risky protest that could land them in jail.
之後，在經過15分鐘的幻燈片及統計數據之後，Kalicum與DULF的共同發起人Eris Nyx，發表了行動計劃：他們要求此些來自，一個被稱為媽媽停止這種傷害之團體的母親，加入他們及在他們散發任務(一種被公認冒有可能讓他們入獄之抗議)中的其他行動主義者。
圖2. Eris Nyx, 吸毒者解放陣線的共同發起人。
It’s a tough sell, but it’s critical to saving lives, say Kalicum and supporters of the “safe supply” effort. “I’m not a criminal, and obviously, Moms Stop the Harm aren’t criminals,” Kalicum says. “We’re just sick of it. We’re sick of our friends dying.”
Kalicum及“安全供應”活動的支持者們表示，這是一種艱難的宣傳。不過，對挽救生命至關重要。Kalicum宣稱：「他不是罪犯，很明顯，媽媽停止這種傷害的團體也不是罪犯。他們只是厭倦這種傷害及朋友們的死亡。」
Everyone on the call can relate. Each has lost someone to the opioid crisis, which has soared in North America during the pandemic, especially in Canada. In the U.S., deaths rose nearly 30 percent in 2020 to a record 93,000. In Canada, deaths soared 89% over the previous year.
電話上的每個人皆能認同。每個人皆有人，曾因類鴉片劑危機，喪失生命。該種危機在這次大流行病期間，在北美已經激增，特別是加拿大。在美國，2020年死亡人數上升近30%，達到創記錄的9萬3千人。在加拿大，死亡人數比上一年，激增了89%。
Behind the numbers lies a cruel irony that every parent listening to Kalicum understands, and that drives the “safe supply” movement: Opioids were perfectly legal when their children were becoming addicted to them, promoted by pharmaceutical giants and doled out by physicians who enabled the crisis by accepting drug companies’ claims they were safe.
此些數字背後隱藏著一件，每位傾聽Kalicum的父母，皆明白之殘酷、具有諷刺意味的事。因此，那驅動了“安全供應”運動：因為，在製藥巨擘的推動，及由接受藥物公司聲稱類鴉片劑是安全，而為此危機提供機會之醫師們，以小劑量施予。當她們的孩子對此藥劑上癮時，這是完全合法的。。
When the reality became clear, and prescriptions became hard to come by, it was too late. Untold thousands of pain-addled patients had become hooked on what opioids provided, as had many young people who’d begun experimenting with the pills recreationally.
當事實變得明朗，及處方變得難以獲得時，已經太遲了。數以千計疼痛纏身的患者已經出現迷上，如同已經開始嘗試娛樂性服用這種藥丸的很多年輕人，所迷上之類鴉片劑提供的感覺。
They found relief on the streets in the form of heroin, then began dying from illicit drugs either laced with fentanyl or entirely replaced with the compound, which is 50 times more potent than heroin. That is the arc of the Opioid Crisis: From patient to criminal to, more and more often, early death.
他們以海洛因的方式，在街上找到緩解。之後，開始死於不是添加了吩坦尼(比海洛因更強烈50倍)，就是完全使用這種化合物替代的非法藥物。那是類鴉片劑危機令人皺眉頭的事：也就是，從病人到罪犯，越來越頻繁早逝。
The “safe supply” movement seeks to counter this deadly progression by ensuring the integrity of the dosages that users have been conditioned to crave while providing care that keeps them alive and could wean them off drugs.
該“安全供應”運動尋求，藉由確保使用者已經習慣要求劑量無缺性。同時也提供，使他們保持活力且可能使他們戒除藥物的護理，來對抗這種致命性進展。
“It’s not who we are to stand passively by,” says Kalicum. “We’re gonna do something, and we’re willing to take on personal risks to do that. But we can look at ourselves in the mirror and know that we’re doing what’s right.”
Kalicum宣稱：「他們不是打算消極袖手旁觀的人。他們要做一些願意承擔個人風險的事，來做到那一點。不過，他們會檢視鏡中的自己，而知道正在做正確的事情。」
Even in Vancouver, a city with a progressive history on the issue of drugs, “doing what’s right” means butting up against an opposing force that still views drugs as a moral failing rather than a medical problem, and that opposes safe distributions.
即使在藥物問題上具有進步沿革的溫哥華市，“做正確的事”也意味著，與一種仍然將麻醉劑視為不違反道德的缺點而非醫療問題，及反對安全散發的反對力量對抗。
Slowly, though, DULF and the Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users, or VANDU, are drawing attention to their effort and, on this video call winning support. At least two of the moms listening to Kalicum volunteered to distribute drugs on International Overdose Day, Aug. 31, despite the risk of arrest.
不過，慢慢地，DULF及溫哥華市吸毒者地區網絡(也就是VANDU)正在吸引對其活動的注意，並在此視訊電話中，獲得支持。儘管有被捕的風險，至少有兩名傾聽Kalicum的媽媽，自願在2021年8月31日國際藥物過量日，散發藥物。
“If we lose some members, that’s okay,” says Leslie McBain, a founding member of Moms Stop The Harm. Her son died in 2014 just as lawsuits against opioid maker Purdue Pharma were first ramping up, and many were still naive to the dangers of opioids.
媽媽停止這種傷害的團體創始成員，Leslie McBain宣稱：「倘若她們失去一些成員，那也沒關係。」 她的兒子於2014年，正當針對類鴉片劑製造商Purdue Pharma的諸多訴訟首度升溫，且很多人對類鴉片劑的危險仍不了解時，過世。
“He had an injury on a construction site when he was 23, and the doctor just prescribed loads and loads of oxycodone,” she says of her son. “And that was his demise.”
談到其兒子時，她宣稱：「他23歲時，在建築工地受了傷。醫生只開立一種，用於治療中度至重度疼痛的類鴉片劑(oxycodone)處方。那是他的死亡原因。」
In the past six years, McBain’s organization has grown to nearly 3,000 members across Canada. Their goal, she says, is to lessen the stigma of addiction and advocate for changes in drug policy in a way that “actually supports the lives of people who use drugs rather than punishes them.”
於過去六年中，在加拿大各地，McBain的組織已經成長到近3千名成員。 她表示，其目標是減少對藥物成癮的詆毀，並倡導在藥物政策上，以一種“實際上容忍吸毒者生活方式，而不是懲罰他們”之作法的諸多改變。
In 2003, North America’s first sanctioned, supervised safe injection site, Insite, opened in Vancouver after receiving a federal exemption to protect it from the country’s drug laws. Canada now has 37 such sites, with zero overdose deaths at these supervised locations.
在2003年，北美第一個被准許、受監督的安全注射點(Insite)，在獲得一項聯邦豁免後，於溫哥華市啟用，以保護其免於該國藥物法的影響。加拿大現在有37個這樣的點，在這些受監督點的藥物過量死亡人數為零。
In the U.S., cities with large communities of drug users like Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, and New York have tried to open safe injection sites, but none has done so legally. As a result, organizations working to help the most volatile drug users often operate in the shadows without official local or federal support.
在美國，像波士頓、西雅圖、舊金山及紐約等，具有大量吸毒者社區的城市，曾試圖開設安全注射點。不過，一直無合法地這樣進行。因此，致力於協助最不穩定之吸毒者的組織，往往是在沒有正式場所或聯邦支持的不顯眼處運作。
Kalicum and Nyx are familiar with the pitfalls of trying to operate under the radar, having spent years on the front lines of the drug scourge. And as the pandemic’s effect on drug use has become clearer, with fentanyl showing up not just in heroin now but in cocaine and methamphetamine, the pair have become bolder in their efforts.
在藥物禍害前線上，已經投注多年心血的Kalicum及Nyx熟悉，試圖在雷達覆蓋面下運作之諸多意想不到的困難。此外，隨著這次大流行病對藥物使用的影響，已經變得更明顯。目前，吩坦尼不僅出現在海洛因中，而且出現在古柯鹼及甲基苯丙胺(一種強效的中樞神經系統興奮劑)中，這兩人在他們艱難的嘗試中，已經變得更為大膽。
They staged their first protest demanding a “safe supply” of drugs in 2020. In April 2021, they distributed “safe” heroin they tested for the first time in downtown Vancouver. Three months later, they distributed drugs in front of police department headquarters.
在2020年，他們發起了首次要求“安全供應”藥物的抗議。在2021年4 月，他們在溫哥華市中心散發，其首度檢驗的“安全”海洛因。三個月後，在警察局總部前散發毒品。
“History has shown that moving these initiatives forward often takes some form of civil disobedience from community groups,” says Kalicum. The first overdose prevention sites were set up illegally along with needle exchanges. “It took people giving needles out themselves before the government thought maybe this is a good idea,” he says.
Kalicum宣稱：「歷史已經證實，向前推動這些倡議往往需要，來自社區團體之某種形式的公民不服從。」第一個藥物過量預防站點，是連同針頭交換非法設立的。他宣稱：「在政府認為或許這是個好主意之前，該站點吸引了自行注射的人。」
The duo is a study in contrasts. Nyx, 30, is a witty, self-identified trans woman covered in tattoos, while Kalicum is more straight-laced, subdued, and serious. “I look like a criminal,” jokes Nyx. “Jeremy looks like he could be your best friend’s son.”
該二人組是諸多差異中，值得探討的人。30歲的Nyx是一位機智、滿佈紋身之自我認同的跨性別女性。而Kalicum較為古板、沉靜且嚴肅。Nyx玩笑宣稱：「她看起來像個罪犯。Jeremy Kalicum看起來像是最要好朋友的兒子。」
But both bring a history of experience with drugs to their activism. Nyx is originally from the suburbs of Toronto. The organizing director of the Tenant Overdose Response Organizers and executive director of the Coalition of Peers Dismantling the Drug War; she says she’s used drugs since the age of 12 or 13, is estranged from her family for being queer and trans, and in turn experienced housing instability.
不過，這兩人皆將有關毒品的經歷史帶到她們的行動主義中。原本來自多倫多郊區的Nyx，是住戶藥物過量反應組織者的組織主任，暨消除毒品戰爭之同行聯盟的執行主任。她表示，由於古怪及跨性別而與家人疏遠，轉而經歷了住宿不穩定，因此打從12、3歲起已經吸毒。
In 2019, after being laid off from the British Columbia Center for Disease Control, Nyx was hired to organize a conference on “safe supply.” She and Kalicum met in person for the first time at that conference after weeks of planning calls, bonded over their shared mission, and created DULF.
於2019年，在被英屬哥倫比亞省疾病控制中心解僱後，Nyx受僱組織一個有關“安全供應”的聯合會。在數星期的計劃號召後，在那聯合會上，她與Kalicum首次親自會面。因為共同的使命，她們團結在一起，並發起了 DULF。
Kalicum was raised by a single mother on disability in the port city of Nanaimo, where he says his family was in “great need,” and he fell into drugs and petty crime at a young age. Eventually, a local charity put him through school in a suburb of Chicago until he moved back to Canada to complete his bachelor’s degree in chemistry and biology.
Kalicum是在納奈莫市(加拿大英屬哥倫比亞省溫哥華島東海岸的一座港口城市)，由一位殘疾的單身母親撫養長大。他表示，在那裡他的家人處於“極度貧困”狀態。因此，在年輕時陷入了毒品及輕微犯罪中。最後，當地一家慈善機構讓他在美國芝加哥市郊區就學，直到他回到加拿大完成其化學及生物學學士學位。
His experience with that charity helped steer Kalicum into his current activism, which includes buying drugs on the dark web and testing them for evidence of fentanyl before they’re distributed as part of the “safe supply” movement.
他與那慈善機構的經歷，協助引領了Kalicum進入其目前，包括在隱密網路上購買毒品，並在散發它們之前，就吩坦尼的證據，對其進行檢驗，以作為“安全供應”運動一部分的行動主義中。
“That organization met people where they’re at and worked to improve their lives without any expectation of return,” he says. “And that’s what I strive to put forward into the world.”
他宣稱：「那組織於人們所在的地方會見他們，致力於改善他們的生活，而不期望任何回報。亦即，那是他努力向世人建議的事。」
Much of DULF’s work focuses on “harm reduction,” which historically involves providing clean needles to prevent the spread of infection and disease, along with antiseptics, condoms, and anything else that might help safeguard drug users.
DULF的大部分工作著重於以往，包括提供乾淨針頭，以防止感染及疾病擴散，及防腐劑、避孕套與其他任何可能有助於保護吸毒者的“減少傷害”上。
It’s been shown to improve health outcomes that often lead to recovery. Long-term studies in Vancouver have shown that drug users were more likely to enter a detox program and save taxpayers money.
這已經被證實，改善了通常會導致康復的健康結果。於溫哥華市的諸多長期研究業已顯示，吸毒者更可能參加戒毒計劃。因此，節省了納稅人的錢。
In the early ‘90s, when Switzerland was dealing with a growing heroin epidemic, it began making methadone available. It launched a heroin prescription program for some users in an effort to curb overdose deaths, HIV infections, and public drug use.
在90年代初，當瑞士應付日益嚴重的海洛因流行病時，開始提供美沙酮(一種用於鴉片類藥物依賴及慢性疼痛管理之鴉片類維持治療的合成鴉片激動劑)。在遏止藥物過量死亡、人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV：Human Immunodeficiency Virus)感染及公共吸毒的一種嘗試中，瑞士為一些服用者，啟動了一項海洛因處方計劃。
As these programs have grown, the rate of new heroin users has declined along with overdose deaths, HIV rates, and crime. Other countries, including the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Canada, launched similar programs.
隨著此些計劃已經逐漸擴大，新海洛因吸食者的比例連同藥物過量死亡、人類免疫缺陷病毒感染率及犯罪率業已下降。其他國家，包括荷蘭、丹麥、德國、英國及加拿大，也發起了類似計劃。
Kalicum’s return to Nainaimo in 2016 coincided with the declaration of the opioid crisis as a public health emergency. He was shocked by the number of deaths in his home city and got in touch with a city councilor advocating for supervised drug consumption sites. Kalicum worked to set one up in Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island, and remembers, “that’s when I learned the value of direct action.”
於2016年，Kalicum返回納奈莫市，恰逢類鴉片劑危機被宣佈為一種公共衛生緊急狀態。他對家鄉城市的死亡人數感到震驚，並與一位倡導監督毒品消費場所的市議員取得聯繫。Kalicum在溫哥華島的納奈莫市，艱辛地設立了一家，並想起，「那是他獲悉直接行動之重要性的時候。」
After moving across the strait to Vancouver in 2019, he became involved with the BC-Yukon Association of Drug War Survivors, an agency that advocates on behalf of drug users, and fell under the mentorship of Ann Livingston, considered a pioneer in harm reduction.
於2019年，跨越海峽遷移到溫哥華市後，他加入了代表吸毒者倡導的機構，英屬哥倫比亞省(卑詩省)暨育空地區(BC-Yukon)毒品戰爭倖存者協會，且隸屬於被認為是減少傷害之先驅Ann Livingston的指導轄下。
Kalicum began to see it as his “moral imperative” to work around the legal system to save lives. Around that time, he also learned of “compassion clubs,” first used by terminally ill people to access cannabis for pain before it was legal. These clubs now provide drug users with a safe supply of drugs and with spaces in which people can supervise one another while using them.
Kalicum開始根據合法體系來拯救生命，視為他的“道德義務”。大約那個時候，他也獲悉“同情俱樂部”，在合法之前，最早被絕症患者利用來取得大麻，供緩解疼痛之用。目前，此些俱樂部為吸毒者們提供安全的毒品供應，及人們在服用毒品時，能相互監督的空間。
His arrival in Vancouver, as drug deaths were soaring, shook Kalicum. “Before I came to Vancouver, I’d never seen a dead body before,” he says. “And that summer, I’d seen several.”
他抵達溫哥華市時，當時毒品死亡人數激增，震驚了Kalicum。他宣稱：「在他來到溫哥華市之前，未曾見過屍體。而那年夏天，見過數具。」
Currently almost six people die each day in British Columbia, according to the B.C. Coroners Service. Nyx says she responds to at least an overdose a week. “That f–ks a person up and creates an incredible amount of PTSD,” she says.
根據英屬哥倫比亞省驗屍官部門的數據，目前英屬哥倫比亞省每天將近6 人死亡。Nyx表示，她每周至少應付一件藥物過量。她宣稱：「That f–ks a person up，且產生了令人難以置信之數量的創傷後應激障礙(PTSD：Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)。
Nyx and Kalicum know that they can’t wipe out drug use, but neither do they see that as something that should be done. “The thing about drugs is most people use them at least at some point,” Nyx says, citing coffee, cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana and prescription meds.
Nyx及Kalicum知道，她們無法消除吸毒行為。不過，也不認為那是應該被做的事情。舉例咖啡、香煙、酒精、大麻及處方藥，Nyx宣稱：「有關毒品的事情，是大多數人至少在某個時候服用它們。」
Most people, she notes, use these substances and are not out of control or in what is often called “chaotic” use. “I don’t want to die. I’m a perfectly functional member of society, and most people who use drugs are,” she says.
她特別提及，大多數人服用這些物質，並無失控或通常被稱為“混亂”的服用。她宣稱：「她不想死。她是一個功能齊全的社會成員，且大多數吸毒的人也是。」
What would make more sense than focusing on the minority of out-of-control, self-destructive addicts, Nyx argues, is to regulate the drug market in a way that ensures all users have the safest options possible.
Nyx認為，會比著重於少數失控、自我毀滅之上癮者更有意義的是，以確保所有服用者具有最安全選擇可能的方式，來管理毒品市場。
Outlawing alcohol provides an instructive example. The Prohibition Era lasted only from 1920-23, but in that time the crime of drinking was driven underground into speakeasies and basements. Booze was mixed in buckets and bathtubs, and there were no labels on bottles. People had no idea what proof the liquor they were drinking was, and that was dangerous.
禁止含酒精之飲料，提供了一種有啟發性的例子。禁酒時期只從1920年持續到1923年，不過在那期間，飲酒的罪行悄悄地被驅入非法營業的酒店及地下室。酒(在美國尤指烈酒)被裝於水桶、浴缸及沒有標籤的瓶子中。人們沒有驗證喝的是什麼酒及有無危險的概念。
Today’s illegal drug markets operate in the same way. No one has any idea what they’re buying on the street in unmarked bags. “Regulation will save people’s lives,” Nyx says.
當今的非法毒品市場以同樣方式運作。無人具有在街上，購買沒有標記之袋子中是什麼東西的概念。
With that in mind, DULF has set out to do with street drugs what’s now common for alcohol and cigarette manufacturers: test ingredients and put clear labels on everything.
有鑒於此，DULF已經著手處理，目前對酒及香煙製造商而言，是常見的街頭毒品問題：檢驗成分，且在所有東西上貼上清晰的標籤。
The “DULF Fulfillment Center and Compassion Club model” acts as a market and consumer protection agency where street drugs are tested and distributed in packaging that states the drugs’ contents.
“DULF執行中心及同情俱樂部模式”充當了一種，檢驗街頭毒品及以記述毒品內含物之包裝被散發的市場與消費者保護機構。
Nyx, designs the labels, and together they promote the mission and crowdsource money to buy illegal drugs, then test them and distribute them at protests to people who are part of already existing drug-user groups. “The free drugs go to the people in the most need,” says Nyx.
Nyx設計標籤，他們一起籌劃此機構，並眾包資金來購買非法毒品。之後檢驗它們，並在抗議活動中，將它們散發給，是已經存在之吸毒者群體一部分的人。Nyx宣稱：「此些免費的毒品流向，處於最需要的人。」
Kalicum describes the system of buying drugs on the dark web, which is remarkably similar to buying just about anything else. “There are sites which are kind of analogous to eBay,” he says, where people can buy, and people can leave reviews for vendors.
Kalicum 描述，該於秘密網路上購買毒品的系統，與購買幾乎任何其他東西的系統非常類似。他宣稱：「有些網站類似於eBay之類。」在那裡，人們能購買，且可以為賣方留下評論。
“These sites will hold your money in escrow until you get your product. When you get it, you test it. You can either release the funds or create a dispute,” he says. In the case of a dispute, the website appoints a mediator to settle things.
他宣稱：「根據協議由第三者暫為保管，這些網站會保管您的金錢，直到你得到你的產品。當你得到時，測試它。您可以釋出存款或提出爭議。」至於爭議，這種網站會指定調解員，來解決問題。
DULF has received fentanyl instead of heroin and has been refunded thousands of dollars after creating a dispute. Still, there are unknowns, which has been one of the major criticisms of DULF: The seller might be a criminal organization, for instance.
DULF曾收到吩坦尼而不是海洛因，在提出爭議後已經被退還數千美元。儘管如此，仍有諸多未知數，這一直是有關DULF的主要批判之一：譬如，賣方可能是一個犯罪組織。
But Kalicum says the current state of drug legislation has left people serious about quality control no choice. “It’s not what we want to do,” says Kalicum, “but we’re forced to leverage the resources that we have access to, and that’s the dark web.”
不過Kalicum表示，目前的藥物立法狀態，一直讓認真對待質量控制的人，別無選擇。Kalicum宣稱：「這不是他們想做的。不過，他們被迫利用已經取得的資源。亦即，那是秘密的網路。」
They pay for the drugs with a private cryptocurrency called Monero that claims to be untraceable.
他們使用一種，聲稱無法追踪，被稱為門羅幣的私人加密貨幣，來支付此些毒品費用。
Kalicum was one of the first people hired to begin testing street drugs while working as a technician with the British Columbia Center on Substance Use, where he learned a technology called FTIR spectroscopy. The technology uses infrared light to tell him what’s in a substance and in what quantity. His goal eventually is to be able to use mass spectrometry, which shows a more refined level of detail.
Kalicum是在英屬哥倫比亞省物質使用中心擔任技術人員時，最早受僱開始檢驗街頭毒品的人之一。在此中心，他學會了一種，被稱為傅立葉轉換紅外線(FTIR：Fourier Transform Infrared)光譜學的技術。此技術使用紅外線來告知他，物質中的成分及數量。其最終目標是能使用，顯示出更精確細部水平的質譜分析法。
Nyx keeps track of the data on the drugs they distribute. Each person receiving a dose is asked to answer three simple questions on a form: did you use the drugs yourself, did the person using the drugs overdose, and will you score the drugs on a scale of 1 to 5? So far, Nyx says, of the 907 forms filled out, none of the users has overdosed.
Nyx會針對此些她們散發的毒品數據，持續進行追蹤。每位接受一劑毒品的人皆被要求，回答表格上的三個簡單問題：自己服用此些毒品、服用此些毒品的人藥物過量，及能以1到5的等級評分此些毒品嗎？Nyx表示，迄今為止，在填寫的907份表格中，沒有一位服用者曾藥物過量。
In this early phase, they don’t think that data can be leveraged in any official capacity, but Kalicum says, “it might act as a kind of carrot for researchers to do something substantial.”
在此早期階段，他們不認為那數據，能以任何正式的身份被利用。不過Kalicum宣稱：「對研究人員們而言，這能充當一種誘導物，來做一些實質性的事。」
Kalicum would like to see heroin and other drugs provided by the government or a regulated supplier, the way methadone is now, and not by the illicit markets. “You’d be taking money out of the hands of organized crime,” says Kalicum. “People can get their drugs there, use them, and it acts as a portal to health and social services.”
Kalicum希望看到由政府或受監管之供應商，提供的海洛因及其他毒品。目前美沙酮是以此方式，而不是由非法市場所提供。Kalicum宣稱：「你能從有組織的犯罪活動中獲得金錢。人們能在那裡取得毒品，並服用它們。因此，它充當了一種邁向衛生及社會機構的入口。」
In May 2021, Vancouver offered up its own solution to the drug issue: the Vancouver Model, which would decriminalize simple possession of all drugs up to a specific amount. It recognizes substance use and the overdose crisis as a public health issue, not a criminal justice issue.
在2021年5月，溫哥華市針對毒品問題，提出了自己的解決方案：也就是，溫哥華模式，將合法化所有毒品的純然持有達到特定數量。它將物質使用及藥物過量危機認定為公共衛生問題，而不是刑事司法問題。
Even so, DULF and many activists feel the proposal fails to address the sourcing of toxic drugs as the main cause of fatalities and that the amounts individuals would be permitted to possess don’t conform to actual patterns of substance use.
即便如此，DULF及許多行動主義者認為，該提案未能解決尋求有毒藥物來源的問題。因為有毒藥物是造成死亡的主因，而且個人被允許持有之數量，不符合實際的物質使用模式。
Vancouver’s Police Inspector, Phil Heard, who took a leading role in proposing the plan, acknowledges the criticism but says it’s up to scientists, not cops, to study its impacts, assuming the idea is implemented.
在提出該項計劃上，擔任領導角色的溫哥華市警政督察，Phil Heard承認此批評。不過表示，假設該構想被實行，這應該由科學家們研究其影響，而不是警察。
In the meantime, DULF is pushing hard to get permission to implement its own plan. In August, it submitted a 19-page letter to Canadian health officials asking for an exemption to practice its “safe supply” model. “We are saying this is a health emergency,” says Kalicum.
與此同時，DULF正努力推動取得實行其計劃的許可。在2021年8月，它向加拿大衛生官員提交了，一封長達19頁的信函，要求豁免來實踐其“安全供應”模式。Kalicum宣稱：「他們說，這是一件衛生緊急需求。」
DULF isn’t alone in what some consider radical approaches to the drug issue. As the pandemic raged through Canada in 2020, Canadian Health Minister Patty Hajdu, seeing the impact on drug users, raised the idea of injectable pharmaceutical-grade heroin, among other possible solutions.
在一些考慮激進方法來解決毒品問題上，DULF並非單獨。在2020年，當此次大流行病於加拿大肆虐時，加拿大衛生部長Patty Hajdu認知到對吸毒者的影響，在其他可能的解決方案中，提出了可注射之醫藥級海洛因的構想。
In August, Nyx and Kalicum presented their model to Inspector Heard and Staff Sergeant Jason Chan. The Aug. 31 protest marking International Overdose Awareness Day went smoothly, and none of the moms who took part was arrested.
在2021年8月，Nyx及Kalicum向Heard督察及上士 Jason Chan，提交她們的模式。8月31日，於紀念國際藥物過量自覺日的抗議活動進展順利，參與的媽媽們無一被捕。
DULF has also received a “letter of support” for its testing and safe supply plan from Vancouver Coastal Health, a regional health authority with a budget of more than $3 billion dollars. Several Canadian policy experts, have also signed on, including many from the B.C. Centre on Substance Use and the Canadian Drug Policy Coalition.
DULF也已經收到一封，來溫哥華市海岸衛生局，有關其檢驗及安全供應計劃的“支持信”。該衛生局是一個預算超過30億美元的地區衛生機構。幾位加拿大的政策專家，包括諸多來自英屬哥倫比亞省物質使用中心及加拿大毒品政策聯盟的專家們，也已經簽署受僱。
And on Oct. 7, the Vancouver City Council voted to support DULF’s plan, though it only passed after an amendment to ensure that drugs would be purchased through legal means. That would require activist groups to work with companies like Fair Price Pharma to supply, test, and package legally sourced drugs before dispensing them to members of a compassion club.
同時，在10月7日，溫哥華市議會投票支持DULF的計劃，雖然這只是在一項修正案之後通過，以確保透過合法途徑能購買到毒品。那將需要行動主義者團體與類似Fair Price Pharma(一家非營利性的製藥公司)的公司合作，以供應、檢驗及包裝，在將它們散發給同情俱樂部成員之前的合法來源毒品。
Kalicum and Nyx addressed the meeting and urged officials to act quickly. then sort out the details of where to find drugs. “What we’re saying is a temporary stopgap. But stop the deaths first, then figure everything out after,” Nyx said.
Kalicum及Nyx在會上發言，並敦促官員們迅速採取行動。之後，整理了去哪裡找毒品的諸多細節。Nyx宣稱：「她們所說的是，一種臨時的權宜之計。不過，首先是停止死亡，然後接著解決一切問題。」
Everyone witnessing the overdose epidemic agrees that it is only getting worse. Heard, the police inspector says 2020 was a “record year,” but “2021, it’s looking to be even more deadly.” Sure enough, the day after the City Council hearing, Nyx witnessed yet another drug death, this time of an 18-year-old.
每位目睹藥物過量流行病的人皆同意，這只會變得更糟。警政督察Heard表示，2020年是“創紀錄的一年”，不過“2021年，看來會更為致命”。
Even with growing support, she and Kalicum are exhausted. They’ll need to apply for grants to fund their effort. “We have a colossal amount of work to do,” she says wearily. “People are constantly dying, and there is no end in sight .”
即使得到越來越多的支持，她及Kalicum也筋疲力盡了。她們需要申請補助金，來資助她們的努力。她疲憊地宣稱：「她們有巨量的工作要做。人正不斷地死亡，且看不到盡頭。」
網址：https://time.com/6108812/drug-deaths-safe-supply-opioids/
翻譯：許東榮
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