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【碳捕獲與封存】(Carbon Capture Storage, CCS)/瑞士《2050能源策略》-【再生能源】

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★【碳捕獲與封存】(Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS)

= 【碳補獲】(Carbon capture) + 【碳封存】(carbon storage)

★【碳捕獲與封存】(Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS)技術係指能將能源或產品生產過程中排放出之CO2從排放源分離,再經過濃縮與壓縮送至適當地點進行長期的封存的相關技術。

★【碳補獲】(Carbon capture) : 
許多工業產品的製造過程中都會產生大量的廢氣排放,例如火力發電廠。而二氧化碳就是這些廢氣當中主要的成分之一,也是造成地球溫室效應的主要元兇。碳補獲 ( Carbon capture,又稱 碳捕捉 ) 的技術就是透過各種方法,將這些廢氣當中的二氧化碳分離出來,然後再進行處理,不讓二氧化碳直接排放到大氣當中,以減輕溫室效應。
目前補獲的方式包含了採用【吸附技術、與生物固定(Bio-fixation)】等。

★【碳封存】(carbon storage)
經由【碳補獲】(Carbon capture) 過程所分離出來的二氧化碳,還需加以【儲存】,才能真正有效的減少大氣當中的二氧化碳濃度,而這道程序就稱為【碳封存】(carbon storage)。
目前封存的方式與地點包含了採用生物固定技術的【生物封存】、將二氧化碳與礦石進行碳化的【礦化封存】(mineral carbonation)、將二氧化碳注入地質表面下的地下鹽水層、舊油氣田或是深層煤層等地下的地質封存(geologic sequestration)及【海洋封存】(ocean storage)等技術。

http://www.cier.edu.tw/ct.asp?xItem=13479&CtNode=253&mp=1
[ 火力發電零廢氣, 可減少90%火力發電排碳量!加拿大正在測試廢氣補碳新技術,預計六月份正式商轉 ] ( 03/10/2014 行政院環保署 推動碳補集及封存資訊網 )

[ In Saskatchewan, a utility tries a coal power play ]
為了延長火力發電廠的使用年限,同時兼顧降低溫室氣體排放的環保需求目標,加拿大已成功打造全球首座配置碳捕捉技術的火力發電廠。

加拿大的薩斯喀電力公司(SaskPower)近來吸引國際社會的關注,它將成為擁有全球首座配置碳捕捉技術設備火力發電廠的電力公司。

這是目前全世界第一個可以從火力發電廠燃燒過後的廢氣中,補集、回收高達90%二氧化碳的碳捕捉技術設備。

這家位於加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省的電力公司,基本上已完成其邊界大壩3號發電廠(Boundary Dam 3)總經費13.5億加元的改裝更新工程,未來3個月將進行一連串的測試,預定6月正式啟用。

這次的改裝包括更換新的燃煤渦輪發電機組以及安裝全新的廢氣捕捉設備。

這座發電廠的發電量達110百萬瓦,碳捕集設備可從鍋爐燃煤燃燒後產生的廢氣中每年捕集100萬公噸的二氧化碳。薩斯喀電力公司擁有這項技術的智慧財產權。

薩斯喀電力公司再將二氧化碳賣給卡加利市的 Cenovus 能源公司。除了二氧化碳,該套設備還可捕集可以轉售的二氧化硫、一氧化二氮與其他懸浮粒子。

智財商機龐大

薩斯喀電力公司執行長華生(Robert Watson)日前受訪時指出:「它不僅是一個好的環保計畫,未來也將是一棵搖錢樹。」他說,薩斯喀電力公司擁有相關技術的智慧財產權,未來全球商機相當可觀。

碳捕集與儲存被視為全球對抗氣候變遷一項很關鍵的技術,但由於成本高昂與儲存於地下的碳最終將流往何處等疑慮,在推動上同樣面臨巨大的阻礙。

光是加拿大之前就有多個碳捕集投資計畫宣告失敗,2012年在亞省保加利市的 TransAlta 公司宣布放棄總規模14億美元的廠房投資計畫,去年亞省省政府也以天然氣價格偏低為由,宣布終止與 Swan Hills Synfuels 公司2.85億美元碳捕集投資融資協議。

加拿大政府總共補助2.4億加元投入薩斯喀電力公司該廠的設備更新計畫,另外還撥款1.2億加元給荷蘭皇家殼牌石油公司,用於亞伯達省史卡佛(Scotford)煉油廠安裝碳捕集設備的更新工程。

華生表示,薩斯喀電力公司已就新聯邦法規相關規定進行瞭解,進而評估在其他老舊火力發電廠裝設碳捕集設備的可行性。

根據加拿大的規定,2015年後不得再興建傳統火力發電廠,現有火力發電廠則在服役滿50年後,若未裝設碳捕集設備則需強制關廠退役。

煤電依賴度高

華生進一步指出,現有火力發電廠配置碳捕集設備的更新工程,其經費跟興建新的天然氣發電廠差不多,而且對薩斯喀電力公司來說,燃煤火力發電廠更為合適,因為天然氣的進口價格波動劇烈,薩省的煤炭產量充足,取得成本低廉。

與鄰近的亞伯達省一樣,薩省同樣高度依賴燃煤的火力發電,燃煤火力發電占薩省總發電的比重約達5成,且最受聯邦政府廢氣排放規定的影響。

由於人口快速成長,景氣強勁,薩省用電需求不斷擴增,省政府考慮各種可以滿足需求的可能選項,包括再生能源與向馬尼托巴發電廠(Manitoba Hydro)購買水力發電。

與亞伯達省一樣,碳捕集的方案在薩省比較可行,其中一個原因是二氧化碳是一項有價值的商品,有助於石油公司用於油田的石油生產。

儘管在油田中灌入二氧化碳引來造成小型地震的批評,但美國德州的石油業者長期以來利用二氧化碳來提升油田的石油開採。

資料來源:
http://ccs.gov2.tw/node/1258

原始新聞完整原文:

[ In Saskatchewan, a utility tries a coal power play ]

SaskPower is drawing interest from around the globe with a coal-fired power plant that captures most of the carbon dioxide before it’s released into the atmosphere.

The Saskatchewan power utility is set to fire up the world’s first coal generation facility equipped with post-combustion, carbon-capture technology to remove 90 per cent of CO2 emissions from the flue gas.

SaskPower has essentially completed the $1.35-billion renovation of its 110-megawatt Boundary Dam 3 plant and will spend the next three months running tests before commissioning it in June.

The amine-solution unit will capture 1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from the waste stream after the coal is burned in boilers, and SaskPower has a long-term contract to sell the CO2 to Calgary-based Cenovus Energy Inc. to stimulate enhanced oil recovery at its Weyburn operations. The plant will also capture most of the sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide and particulates, which can be turned into salable products.

“Not only is the project a good environmental project, it is also going to be a multifaceted money maker,” SaskPower chief executive Robert Watson recently told The Globe and Mail’s editorial board. SaskPower owns the intellectual property involved in the project and sees a global business opportunity, he said.

Carbon-capture and storage (CCS) technology is seen as a critical component in the global battle against climate change, but faces huge hurdles due to the high cost and questions about the ultimate fate of the carbon that is stored underground. Ottawa contributed $240-million to the SaskPower project, as well as $120-million for Royal Dutch Shell PLC’s carbon-capture project at its Scotford upgrader in Alberta.

Mr. Watson said the utility will examine the feasibility of equipping other aging coal-fired units with carbon-capture technology as it figures out how to meet new federal regulations. Those rules prohibit the construction of traditional coal-fired units after 2015, and require existing ones to be closed when they reach 50 years of life unless equipped with carbon-capture technology.

He said it is nearly as cheap to retool plants with CCS than build new natural gas-fired ones, and it may be a better bet for SaskPower since coal is cheap and plentiful in Saskatchewan while the province needs to import natural gas, prices of which are volatile.

Like its Alberta neighbour, Saskatchewan relies heavily on coal for electrical power – 50 per cent in Saskatchewan’s case – and is most affected by the federal emission regulations. With a fast-growing population and a strong economy, SaskPower is looking at all options to meet growing electricity needs, including renewables and purchasing hydroelectricity from Manitoba Hydro.

As in Alberta, carbon capture is more viable in Saskatchewan because the captured carbon dioxide is a valuable commodity for oil companies that are attempting to boost production from oil fields. Producers in Texas have long use carbon dioxide to enhance crude recovery, though CO2 injections have recently been blamed for mini earthquakes.

Mr. Watson said the SaskPower project is being watched by coal-dependent countries from around the world that want to continue to make use of the abundant fuel while reducing their emissions of greenhouse gases.

Cenovus has operated one of the world’s largest CCS projects in Weyburn, Sask., where it pipes CO2 from North Dakota for use in enhanced oil recovery. The Regina-based Petroleum Technology Research Centre has studied the Weyburn facility for years to determine what happens to the CO2.

In projects such as Cenovus’s, carbon dioxide molecules mix with the hydrocarbons and help loosen the oil from the rock to allow extraction, Neil Wildgust, chief project officer at the centre, said in a phone interview. Some of the CO2 remains sequestered in the oil-bearing deposit, and some returns to the surface with the crude and is then separated and recycled for use again.

“It’s a closed loop system so essentially there is no CO2 being emitted into the atmosphere,“ Mr. Wildgust said. There has been considerable research done in conjunction with the International Energy Agency on what happens to the CO2 in the reservoir – which is 1,400 metres underground – and there is no evidence of leakage, he said.

Editor's note: An earlier online version of this story incorrectly said Cenovus will use carbon dioxide from SaskPower at Cenovus’ nearby Canadian Bakken oil fields. In fact, Cenovus Energy Inc. will use carbon dioxide as part of oil recovery at its Weyburn field in Saskatchewan, but not to produce crude from the Canadian Bakken. This version has been corrected.

By SHAWN MCCARTHY - GLOBAL ENERGY REPORTER
OTTAWA — Globe and Mail update (includes correction)
Published Sunday, Feb. 16 2014, 8:45 PM EST
Last updated Tuesday, Feb. 18 2014, 6:06 PM EST

照片說明:
加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省的邊界大壩3號發電廠(Boundary Dam 3)/Boundary Dam Power Station in Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada. 06/13/2013
http://www.saskpower.com/wp-content/uploads/Contactsheet_carboncapture.pdf

完整的原始新聞出處:
[ In Saskatchewan, a utility tries a coal power play. ]
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/in-saskatchewan-a-utility-tries-a-coal-power-play/article16919564/

相關新聞:
[ SaskPower signs agreement on CCS with one of Europe’s largest power companies/ 薩斯喀電力與歐洲大型電力集團簽訂火力發電廢棄碳補集與儲存技術合作同意書 ](04/16/2014 SaskPower 官網新聞發佈)
http://www.saskpower.com/about-us/media-information/news-releases/saskpower-signs-agreement-on-ccs-with-one-of-europes-largest-power-companies/

[ Boundary Dam Fact Sheet: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project by MIT/美國麻省理工學院邊界大壩3號發電廠(Boundary Dam 3)技術資料表:MIT 二氧化碳捕捉及封存計劃官網 ]
https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/boundary_dam.html

延伸閱讀:
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♡ 懇請大家也幫忙一起將以下這個訊息分享出去... ♡

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相片:[ 火力發電零廢氣, 可減少90%火力發電排碳量!加拿大正在測試廢氣補碳新技術,預計六月份正式商轉 ]  ( 03/10/2014 行政院環保署 推動碳補集及封存資訊網 )

[ In Saskatchewan, a utility tries a coal power play ]
為了延長火力發電廠的使用年限,同時兼顧降低溫室氣體排放的環保需求目標,加拿大已成功打造全球首座配置碳捕捉技術的火力發電廠。

加拿大的薩斯喀電力公司(SaskPower)近來吸引國際社會的關注,它將成為擁有全球首座配置碳捕捉技術設備火力發電廠的電力公司。

這是目前全世界第一個可以從火力發電廠燃燒過後的廢氣中,補集、回收高達90%二氧化碳的碳捕捉技術設備。

這家位於加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省的電力公司,基本上已完成其邊界大壩3號發電廠(Boundary Dam 3)總經費13.5億加元的改裝更新工程,未來3個月將進行一連串的測試,預定6月正式啟用。

這次的改裝包括更換新的燃煤渦輪發電機組以及安裝全新的廢氣捕捉設備。

這座發電廠的發電量達110百萬瓦,碳捕集設備可從鍋爐燃煤燃燒後產生的廢氣中每年捕集100萬公噸的二氧化碳。薩斯喀電力公司擁有這項技術的智慧財產權。

薩斯喀電力公司再將二氧化碳賣給卡加利市的 Cenovus 能源公司。除了二氧化碳,該套設備還可捕集可以轉售的二氧化硫、一氧化二氮與其他懸浮粒子。

智財商機龐大

薩斯喀電力公司執行長華生(Robert Watson)日前受訪時指出:「它不僅是一個好的環保計畫,未來也將是一棵搖錢樹。」他說,薩斯喀電力公司擁有相關技術的智慧財產權,未來全球商機相當可觀。

碳捕集與儲存被視為全球對抗氣候變遷一項很關鍵的技術,但由於成本高昂與儲存於地下的碳最終將流往何處等疑慮,在推動上同樣面臨巨大的阻礙。

光是加拿大之前就有多個碳捕集投資計畫宣告失敗,2012年在亞省保加利市的 TransAlta 公司宣布放棄總規模14億美元的廠房投資計畫,去年亞省省政府也以天然氣價格偏低為由,宣布終止與 Swan Hills Synfuels 公司2.85億美元碳捕集投資融資協議。

加拿大政府總共補助2.4億加元投入薩斯喀電力公司該廠的設備更新計畫,另外還撥款1.2億加元給荷蘭皇家殼牌石油公司,用於亞伯達省史卡佛(Scotford)煉油廠安裝碳捕集設備的更新工程。

華生表示,薩斯喀電力公司已就新聯邦法規相關規定進行瞭解,進而評估在其他老舊火力發電廠裝設碳捕集設備的可行性。

根據加拿大的規定,2015年後不得再興建傳統火力發電廠,現有火力發電廠則在服役滿50年後,若未裝設碳捕集設備則需強制關廠退役。

煤電依賴度高

華生進一步指出,現有火力發電廠配置碳捕集設備的更新工程,其經費跟興建新的天然氣發電廠差不多,而且對薩斯喀電力公司來說,燃煤火力發電廠更為合適,因為天然氣的進口價格波動劇烈,薩省的煤炭產量充足,取得成本低廉。

與鄰近的亞伯達省一樣,薩省同樣高度依賴燃煤的火力發電,燃煤火力發電占薩省總發電的比重約達5成,且最受聯邦政府廢氣排放規定的影響。

由於人口快速成長,景氣強勁,薩省用電需求不斷擴增,省政府考慮各種可以滿足需求的可能選項,包括再生能源與向馬尼托巴發電廠(Manitoba Hydro)購買水力發電。

與亞伯達省一樣,碳捕集的方案在薩省比較可行,其中一個原因是二氧化碳是一項有價值的商品,有助於石油公司用於油田的石油生產。

儘管在油田中灌入二氧化碳引來造成小型地震的批評,但美國德州的石油業者長期以來利用二氧化碳來提升油田的石油開採。

資料來源:
http://ccs.gov2.tw/node/1258

原始新聞完整原文:

[ In Saskatchewan, a utility tries a coal power play ]

SaskPower is drawing interest from around the globe with a coal-fired power plant that captures most of the carbon dioxide before it’s released into the atmosphere.

The Saskatchewan power utility is set to fire up the world’s first coal generation facility equipped with post-combustion, carbon-capture technology to remove 90 per cent of CO2 emissions from the flue gas.

SaskPower has essentially completed the $1.35-billion renovation of its 110-megawatt Boundary Dam 3 plant and will spend the next three months running tests before commissioning it in June.

The amine-solution unit will capture 1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from the waste stream after the coal is burned in boilers, and SaskPower has a long-term contract to sell the CO2 to Calgary-based Cenovus Energy Inc. to stimulate enhanced oil recovery at its Weyburn operations. The plant will also capture most of the sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide and particulates, which can be turned into salable products.

“Not only is the project a good environmental project, it is also going to be a multifaceted money maker,” SaskPower chief executive Robert Watson recently told The Globe and Mail’s editorial board. SaskPower owns the intellectual property involved in the project and sees a global business opportunity, he said.

Carbon-capture and storage (CCS) technology is seen as a critical component in the global battle against climate change, but faces huge hurdles due to the high cost and questions about the ultimate fate of the carbon that is stored underground. Ottawa contributed $240-million to the SaskPower project, as well as $120-million for Royal Dutch Shell PLC’s carbon-capture project at its Scotford upgrader in Alberta.

Mr. Watson said the utility will examine the feasibility of equipping other aging coal-fired units with carbon-capture technology as it figures out how to meet new federal regulations. Those rules prohibit the construction of traditional coal-fired units after 2015, and require existing ones to be closed when they reach 50 years of life unless equipped with carbon-capture technology.

He said it is nearly as cheap to retool plants with CCS than build new natural gas-fired ones, and it may be a better bet for SaskPower since coal is cheap and plentiful in Saskatchewan while the province needs to import natural gas, prices of which are volatile.

Like its Alberta neighbour, Saskatchewan relies heavily on coal for electrical power – 50 per cent in Saskatchewan’s case – and is most affected by the federal emission regulations. With a fast-growing population and a strong economy, SaskPower is looking at all options to meet growing electricity needs, including renewables and purchasing hydroelectricity from Manitoba Hydro.

As in Alberta, carbon capture is more viable in Saskatchewan because the captured carbon dioxide is a valuable commodity for oil companies that are attempting to boost production from oil fields. Producers in Texas have long use carbon dioxide to enhance crude recovery, though CO2 injections have recently been blamed for mini earthquakes.

Mr. Watson said the SaskPower project is being watched by coal-dependent countries from around the world that want to continue to make use of the abundant fuel while reducing their emissions of greenhouse gases.

Cenovus has operated one of the world’s largest CCS projects in Weyburn, Sask., where it pipes CO2 from North Dakota for use in enhanced oil recovery. The Regina-based Petroleum Technology Research Centre has studied the Weyburn facility for years to determine what happens to the CO2.

In projects such as Cenovus’s, carbon dioxide molecules mix with the hydrocarbons and help loosen the oil from the rock to allow extraction, Neil Wildgust, chief project officer at the centre, said in a phone interview. Some of the CO2 remains sequestered in the oil-bearing deposit, and some returns to the surface with the crude and is then separated and recycled for use again.

“It’s a closed loop system so essentially there is no CO2 being emitted into the atmosphere,“ Mr. Wildgust said. There has been considerable research done in conjunction with the International Energy Agency on what happens to the CO2 in the reservoir – which is 1,400 metres underground – and there is no evidence of leakage, he said.

Editor's note: An earlier online version of this story incorrectly said Cenovus will use carbon dioxide from SaskPower at Cenovus’ nearby Canadian Bakken oil fields. In fact, Cenovus Energy Inc. will use carbon dioxide as part of oil recovery at its Weyburn field in Saskatchewan, but not to produce crude from the Canadian Bakken. This version has been corrected.

By SHAWN MCCARTHY - GLOBAL ENERGY REPORTER
OTTAWA — Globe and Mail update (includes correction)
Published Sunday, Feb. 16 2014, 8:45 PM EST
Last updated Tuesday, Feb. 18 2014, 6:06 PM EST

照片說明:
加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省的邊界大壩3號發電廠(Boundary Dam 3)/Boundary Dam Power Station in Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada. 06/13/2013
http://www.saskpower.com/wp-content/uploads/Contactsheet_carboncapture.pdf

完整的原始新聞出處:
[ In Saskatchewan, a utility tries a coal power play. ]
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/in-saskatchewan-a-utility-tries-a-coal-power-play/article16919564/

相關新聞:
[ SaskPower signs agreement on CCS with one of Europe’s largest power companies/ 薩斯喀電力與歐洲大型電力集團簽訂火力發電廢棄碳補集與儲存技術合作同意書 ](04/16/2014 SaskPower 官網新聞發佈)
http://www.saskpower.com/about-us/media-information/news-releases/saskpower-signs-agreement-on-ccs-with-one-of-europes-largest-power-companies/

[ Boundary Dam Fact Sheet: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project by MIT/美國麻省理工學院邊界大壩3號發電廠(Boundary Dam 3)技術資料表:MIT 二氧化碳捕捉及封存計劃官網 ]
https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/boundary_dam.html

延伸閱讀:
[ ★ 嚴正聲明!針對核四案,全國廢核行動平台聲明全文 ★ ] 請大家幫忙廣為轉寄,謝謝!
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[ 氣候變遷風險增, 汪中和:海平面上升,核安首當其衝!! ] ( 04/25/2014 TEIA 環境資訊中心 ) - 以氣候變遷角度看台灣能源。
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[ 原能會證實:核四儀控系統 美核管會拒審, 台電:應該不至於有問題! ] ( 04/25/2014 自由時報 )
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♡ 請記得明天 4/26 風雨無阻,我們大家凱道見 !!! ♡

========== ♡ ==========

♡ 懇請大家也幫忙一起將以下這個訊息分享出去... ♡

★★ 核四廠發電裝置容量只占台電發電裝置容量的 6%,透過現有各種省電、節能的技術與設備,台灣可以輕易的省下超過核四發電量數倍的電力,而且省電節能的技術日新月異,還在不斷進步當中,電氣設備的能源效率也ㄧ直在提升,我們在省電、節能方面有著巨大的潛力有待你我一起攜手落實!天下沒有白吃的午餐,怕困難、怕辛苦,到頭來就一事無成,苦果還是只有自己吞,大家冷靜想想,是不是這樣呢?

在高度依賴進口能源的台灣,省電、提高用電效率才是真正的王道,畢竟省電也是幫我們自己省錢,工商企業省電也是節省成本、提升競爭力,不是嗎!★★ 

[ 隨手省6%! 減六除四 - 隨手省6趴, 廢除核四吧!] 省電、節能減碳,實現非核家園,咱們大家一起來~~ 廢除危險核電,實現非核家園,YES! WE CAN!!! 

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★ 瑞士《2050能源策略》-【再生能源】

(瑞士國家能源政策宣導短片)
★ 在今天,瑞士有【80%的電力】來自於【不可再生且需要進口的能
源】,只有【20%的電力取自­可再生的自然資源(太陽、風力、潮汐等)】。《2050能源策略》的一大目標就是【提升再生能源的發電比率】。

★ 為什麼這是我們的一大目標?

首先,因為利用這些【再生能源發電不會產生任何廢料,也不會產生溫室氣體】。第二,【再生能源】如同字面上的意思是【可以不斷重複使用的】。而瑞士的人口又不斷成長,自然耗電量也會跟著增加,可以重複利用於是成為一項重要因素。【再生能源,是未來的重要資產】!

此外,【運用再生能源代表減少進口,加強投資瑞士本土,這樣一來代表創造出更多工作機會­與瑞士精密技術】。考量長期成本,利用再生能源發電絕對比化石燃料更為便宜而且好處更多,更何況化石燃料只會越來越稀少。

★ 那為了達成目標,我們該怎麼做呢?

首先,最主要的當然是【改進能源使用效率】。這是最直接的。花費越少,自然我們便不需要生­產或進口那麼多電力。然後,【獎勵投資與財務支持,刺激廠商投入興建再生能源發電裝置】。­【訂出建築物使用再生能源的比率】,例如說針對空調暖氣做限制,這也是一個促使達成目標的­好方法。「瑞士能源平台」(瑞士政府專為《2050能源策略》成立的跨部會、產業資源­整合中心)與各地區政府正在一起努力

★ 藏在地殼深處的熱力也是另外一項可利用的天然
能源。【地熱能】,自然也是瑞士能源策略的一­環,可以像木柴或是生質能源一樣帶給我們熱能。政府投入至少2.02億瑞士法郎(約台­幣68億)進行研究以求在【再生能源領域】中開發出最新技術,然後生產出越來越多的【綠色電力】。其實在我們周遭到處充滿著各種綠色發電可能,把這種可能性挖掘出來,正是大眾利益­之所在。

★ 但是別忽略了其他看不見的好處,像是【保護環境和自然景觀】等等。想要【魚與熊掌兼得】不是不可能,但是需要你我的妥協與配合 !


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